初级 Flash英语歌曲:
100首英文歌曲.6
Flash英语语法:
语态.1
英语口语MP3:
李阳疯狂英语口语突…
美式英语MP3:
Lesson 01 Greetin…
中级 英语教材MP3:
新概念英语第三册.9
专业英语MP3:
商务英语MP3.9
英语口语MP3:
新东方美国口语课堂…
VOA英语 MP3:
美国之音2004-特别英…
英语演讲MP3:
世界名人演讲精选.38
等级考试MP3:
IELTS听力及练习.4
美式英语MP3:
精通美语语音三.13
英语阅读:
恐龙昔日定居南极洲…
高级 英语教材MP3:
中级口译中级口语.33
英语口语MP3:
说遍美国－全方位英…
VOA英语 MP3:
欧洲安全与合作组织…
英语演讲MP3:
21世纪爱立信杯第7届…
等级考试MP3:
白洁2004考研听力专…
美式英语MP3:
纯美语MP3.37
英语阅读:
莎士比亚经典独白
少儿英语版 初级 Flash英语儿歌:
LittleFox(o).7
Flash英语故事:
互动故事集(r).5
中级 Flash英语故事:
互动故事集(t).9
Flash英语故事2:
咪咪的家园.5
Flash看图英语:
看图学英语.12
Flash英语口语:
棒棒学英语全套38集…
高级 Flash英语故事:
互动故事集(s).19
Flash英语故事2:
闪光女孩.14
Flash看图英语:
英语动画故事.2
Flash英语口语:
我的中国城教学.7
娱乐版 MP3歌曲:
Westlife.36
FLASH歌曲:
赵传－噢！莎莉.1
FLASH短剧:
SHOWGOOD.7
FLASH游戏:
帮克林顿挑衣服.1
另类FLASH:
可怜的蚯蚓.1
电视电台:
中央人民广播电台四…
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2005-12-7 星期三(Wednesday) 晴 |
英迪英语论坛提供英语广播剧带文本观看和下载
http://bbs.english61.com/forum.jsp?forumID=23
这里只能帖出文本，需要下载和听声音者请去英迪论坛
下面是目录
遗传学之父(Father of Genetics)
竹子的启示(The Lesson of the Bamboo Trees)
白雪公主(Little Snow-white)
老师(The Teacher)
青蛙王子(The Frog King)
灰姑娘(Cinderella)
七只乌鸦(The Seven Ravens)
年兽(The Monster Nian)
勃莱门镇的乐队(The Bremen Town-Musicians)
兔子、狐狸与狼(The Rabbit, the Fox and the Wolf)
坚定(Determination)
苹果树(The Apple Tree)
老人与蝴蝶(The Old Man and the Butterfly)
身体最重要的部位(The Most Important Body Part)
睡美人(Sleeping Beauty)
美女与野兽(Beauty and the Beast)
彩虹的起源(The Origin of the Rainbow)
卖火柴的小女孩(The Little Match Girl)
人生的大石头(Big Rocks)
动物法庭的舞蹈(The Dance of the Animal Court)
生命的波纹(The Splashes of Life)
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2005-12-7 星期三(Wednesday) 晴 |
Flash英语歌曲:
Babe One More Time
Flash英语语法:
所有格.2
英语口语MP3:
李阳疯狂英语口语突…
美式英语MP3:
Lesson 51 Asking …
中级
英语教材MP3:
新概念英语第三册.7
专业英语MP3:
商务英语MP3.7
英语口语MP3:
52.Go on a Trip 出…
VOA英语 MP3:
美国之音2004-特别英…
英语演讲MP3:
世界名人演讲精选.36
等级考试MP3:
IELTS听力及练习.2
美式英语MP3:
精通美语语音三.11
英语阅读:
大学生热衷电脑游戏…
高级
英语教材MP3:
中级口译中级口语.31
英语口语MP3:
说遍美国－全方位英…
VOA英语 MP3:
美国之音2004-标准英…
英语演讲MP3:
21世纪爱立信杯第7届…
等级考试MP3:
白洁2004考研听力专…
美式英语MP3:
纯美语MP3.35
英语阅读:
朱自清 Zhu Ziqing的…
少儿英语版 初级
Flash英语儿歌:
LittleFox(o).5
Flash英语故事:
互动故事集(r).3
中级
Flash英语故事:
互动故事集(t).6
Flash英语故事2:
咪咪的家园.3
Flash看图英语:
看图学英语.10
Flash英语口语:
棒棒学英语全套38集…
高级
Flash英语故事:
互动故事集(s).17
Flash英语故事2:
闪光女孩.12
Flash看图英语:
看图学英语.16
Flash英语口语:
我的中国城教学.5
娱乐版
MP3歌曲:
Imaginary Diva-Wo…
FLASH歌曲:
赵传－残酷的温柔.1
FLASH短剧:
SHOWGOOD.5
FLASH游戏:
快乐农场.1
另类FLASH:
不要轻易放弃.1
电视电台:
中央人民广播电台一…
>>引用社区地址 |
初级 Flash英语歌曲:
As Long As You Lo…
Flash英语语法:
所有格.1
英语口语MP3:
李阳疯狂英语口语突…
美式英语MP3:
Lesson 50 Asking …
中级 英语教材MP3:
新概念英语第三册.6
专业英语MP3:
Persuading Your A…
英语口语MP3:
51.Past and Futur…
VOA英语 MP3:
美国之音2004-特别英…
英语演讲MP3:
世界名人演讲精选.35
等级考试MP3:
IELTS听力及练习.1
美式英语MP3:
精通美语语音三.10
英语阅读:
哈佛情侣的恋爱经历
高级 英语教材MP3:
中级口译中级口语.30
英语口语MP3:
说遍美国－全方位英…
VOA英语 MP3:
美国之音2004-标准英…
英语演讲MP3:
21世纪爱立信杯第7届…
等级考试MP3:
白洁2004考研听力专…
美式英语MP3:
纯美语MP3.34
英语阅读:
时代广场上的星空
少儿英语版 初级 Flash英语儿歌:
LittleFox(o).4
Flash英语故事:
互动故事集(r).2
中级 Flash英语故事:
互动故事集(t).3
Flash英语故事2:
咪咪的家园.2
Flash看图英语:
看图学英语.9
Flash英语口语:
棒棒学英语全套38集…
高级 Flash英语故事:
互动故事集(s).16
Flash英语故事2:
闪光女孩.11
Flash看图英语:
看图学英语.5
Flash英语口语:
我的中国城教学.4
娱乐版 MP3歌曲:
I Wanna Grow Old …
FLASH歌曲:
赵传－爱要怎么说出…
FLASH短剧:
SHOWGOOD.4
FLASH游戏:
广州反恐睇真D.1
另类FLASH:
Toon Toonz.1
电视电台:
中国国际广播电台CR…
>>引用社区地址 |
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Penobscot Indians Revisited[有声]
时间:2005-09-28 人气：152
(MUSIC)
VOICE ONE:
Welcome to THIS IS AMERICA in VOA Special English. I’m Faith Lapidus.
VOICE TWO:
And I’m Steve Ember. In two thousand three we did a program on the Penobscot Indians in Maine. Today we revisit the tribe to report on some new possibilities for their economic future.
(MUSIC)
VOICE ONE:
The Penobscot Indian Nation is among hundreds of Native American tribes recognized by the federal government. These tribes have treaties with the government. Those treaties establish special rights for America’s remaining Indians as nations within a nation.
The Penobscot Nation has about three thousand members. Five hundred or so live on Indian Island in the Penobscot River in Maine. Most others live in different parts of that small state in the Northeast. Cross the bridge from the mainland to Indian Island, and you enter the heart of the Penobscot Indian Nation. Homes stand along with trees of all kinds. The island is not far from the Great North Woods. During the warmer months, Indian Island is very green. In winter, there is snow. Temperatures can drop far below freezing.
VOICE TWO:
Many years ago, the Penobscot Indians began to lose their traditional ways to support themselves. Dams went up along the Penobscot River(n. 培诺伯斯科特河) where they fished. As manufacturing arrived, some fish and animals along the river disappeared. Many of the Indians could find work only in low-paying industries. Others could not find jobs at all.
Poverty has been a common problem for years for American Indian tribes. Now, many have found a way to earn money and reduce their dependence on federal aid. They operate casinos(n.(pl) 娱乐场；赌场) on, and in some cases off, tribal lands. These operations collected eighteen-and-a-half thousand million dollars last year.
That is the estimate of the National Indian Gaming Association. It was a ten percent increase from the year before. The group says Indian casinos have created more than half a million jobs, three out of four held by non-Indians.
But in two thousand three, voters in Maine rejected a proposed casino that the Penobscot Nation and another tribe wanted to operate. That casino would have been off what is officially recognized as tribal(adj. 部落的, 种族的) land.
(MUSIC)
VOICE ONE: The Penobscot Indians have tried other ways to earn money. One idea has been to sell traditional Indian canoes(n(pl). canoe: 独木舟, 轻舟) made by hand. But a tribal official says each small boat takes several people four hundred hours.
Now, the Penobscot may get more chances for factory work. The Maine Technology Institute has awarded two hundred thousand dollars to the Penobscot and four other tribes(n.(pl) tribe: 部落, 部族) in the state. An agreement among state officials, the tribes and a Maine manufacturing group made this award possible. The director of the Maine Manufacturing Extension Partnership says the Defense Department might provide the Indians with factory work.
VOICE TWO:
And there are other economic hopes. The Penobscot may open a non-traditional kind of drug store to sell medicines imported from Canada. Maine is on the border with Canada. Medicines, even American-made drugs, often cost far less in Canada than in the United States.
Penobscot would order prescription drugs from Canada under a plan announced by Maine Governor John Baldacci. So far, drug safety officials in the United States government have rejected similar plans by other states. But some states and cities are not honoring the government’s wishes. They are suggesting that their citizens buy medicines over the Internet from Canada.
VOICE ONE:
Technically, it is illegal for Americans to go to Canada to bring back medicine. Yet many older people do just that.
Maine Senator Olympia Snowe and senators from other states have proposed a measure in Congress. It would permit the purchase of medicines from Canada and other nations. The United States government has said it could not guarantee the safety and effectiveness of imported drugs. But the drugs would be inspected under this proposed legislation.
VOICE TWO:
The proposed mail-order business in Maine is part of an effort by that state to reduce the cost of prescription medicines. Maine says it will campaign to get poor people to use the service once the Penobscot store is ready. The poor receive government help with medical costs. The state health department says the plan, if successful, could save millions of dollars during the next two years.
VOICE ONE:
The Penobscot would sell the medicines to individuals and drug stores in Maine. Under the governor's plan, those stores would sell the drugs at reduced prices. Drug stores argue that this plan would rob them of profits.
The Penobscot would operate the store on Indian Island. An old storage building is being improved for this purpose. The nearby community of Old Town, Maine, will ask the state for four hundred thousand dollars for the restoration(n. 恢复, 复位, 赔偿, 修补, 重建).
Penobscot Chief Jim Sappier says the tribe will not make a lot of money. But he says the plan will create jobs. Forty Penobscot could be working in the drug store within a year.
VOICE TWO:
The possibility of a new industry is not the only good news. There is a plan to re-connect the Penobscot River with the Atlantic Ocean. This connection had always provided the Indians with excellent fishing and hunting. Then came development and manufacturing.
Last June the Penobscot River Restoration Project received almost one million dollars in federal money. The goal is to improve more than eight hundred kilometers of river and the area into which it drains. Removing dams will let Atlantic salmon(n. [鱼]鲑鱼, 大麻哈鱼) back into the river along with ten other kinds of fish.
(MUSIC)
VOICE ONE:
For now, members of the Penobscot Indian Nation go on with their lives much as usual. Children go to the elementary school on Indian Island. Young people attend events at the Boys and Girls Club. Not long ago, some local volunteers collected more than three thousand dollars for the club. To raise the money, they jumped into a pool of water in temperatures of minus twenty-one degrees Celsius.
VOICE TWO:
If you visit Indian Island, one of the first buildings you see is the Penobscot Nation Museum.
As you step through the door, you feel as though you have entered the past. A world of traditional culture surrounds you. You pass walking sticks and ceremonial clubs. There are also snow sticks. People use these to play a game in the snow. Tribal artists have carved beautiful designs into the objects in the exhibits.
VOICE ONE:
You see baskets made of sweet grass and from trees that grow on the Penobscot land. There are drums and jewelry -- necklaces, bracelets(n(pl).bracelet: 手镯), earrings(n(pl). earring: 耳环, 耳饰) and rings. And there are moccasin(n. 鹿皮鞋, 软拖鞋) shoes made of animal skin and trimmed with beads. The objects in the museum describe a way of life that began thousands of years before European explorers arrived. Much of the Penobscot homeland once extended north to what is now Canada. Today many Penobscot Indians live in the same area where their ancestors(n(pl). ancestor: 祖先, 祖宗) lived.
In earlier spring times, the Penobscot followed the river to the Atlantic coast. They caught salmon and other fish. And they caught shellfish(n. 贝, 甲壳类动物). When fall came, they hunted elk, moose, deer and smaller animals along the river.
VOICE TWO:
Members of Indian nations are United States citizens. They have most of the same duties and re
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Margaret Thatcher
玛格丽特.撒切尔
“Age 10, I was the proud winner of a prize at the Grantham Eisteddfod for reciting Poetry. In the first years of the war I would go out as part of a concert party to the surrounding villages, and recite from my Oxford Book of English Verse. A book which even now, is never far from reach. Methodism itself, of course, has in the form of the Wesley hymns, some really fine religious poetry. It was, I confess, the musical side of Methodism which I liked best. Our church had an exceptionally good choir. Every other year we would perform an oratorio: Handel ’s Messiah, Haydn’s Creation or Mendelssohn’s Elijah. We were a musical family. From the age of five my parents had me learn the piano. My mother played too. Sadly, at sixteen, I found it necessary to stop music lessons when I was cramming for my university entrance. And I still regret that I never took up the piano again.
Perhaps the biggest excitement of my early years was a visit to London when I was twelve years old. I came down by train in the charge of a friend of my mother’s. Arriving at Kings’ cross where I was met by Reverend Skinner and his wife, family friends, who were going to look after me. The first impact of London was overwhelming. Kings’ Cross itself was a giant bustling cavern. The rest of the city had all the dazzle of a commercial and imperial capital. For the first time in my life I saw people from foreign countries. Some in the traditional native dress of India and Africa. The sheer volume of traffic and of pedestrians was exhilarating. They seemed to generate a sort of electricity. London’s buildings were impressive for another reason; begrimed with soot, they had a dark imposing magnificence which constantly reminded me that I was at the center of the world. I was taken by the Skinner’s to all the usual sites. I fed the pigeons in Trafalgar Square. I rode the Underground, a slightly forbidding experience for a child. I visited the zoo where I rode on an elephant and recoiled from the reptiles: an early portent of my relations with Fleet street. And I went to look at Downing Street. But unlike the young Harold Wilson, I did not have the prescience to have my photograph taken outside No. 10.”
注释：Grantham Eisteddfod：Grantham(格兰萨姆)是英格兰的一个小镇，撒切尔夫人在那里长大，并在那里读初级学校：
Eisteddfod（艾斯特得福特）是一项传统的竞赛，主要内容有威尔士民族舞蹈歌咏和表演。
Verse：诗歌 hymn：圣歌，赞美诗 choir：唱诗班 oratorio 名词： 圣乐(歌曲)；(以基督教《圣经》故事为主题的)清唱剧。
cram：塞满，填满
Overwhelming：压倒优势的，这里指极为深刻的 bustling：喧闹的，繁忙的
pedestrian
形容词
步行者，徒步旅行者。
exhilarating：使人高兴的，令人振奋的 portent：预兆
Prescience：预感
中文对照
“10岁时，我已是格兰萨姆艾斯特得福特朗诵大赛获奖者中的佼佼者。第一次世界大战头一年，我随歌舞表演会到周围各村庄去朗诵牛津课本中的英语诗歌。即使是现在，那本书也并非遥不可及。诗文本身是韦斯利圣诗形式。其中有优美的宗教诗。我得承认，诗文中我最喜欢的是它的音乐性。我们教堂有个很棒的唱诗班。每隔一年在教堂大厅演出一场清唱剧：有亨德尔的《弥赛亚》、海顿的《创造》、门德尔松的《以利亚》。我们是音乐世家，五岁父母让我学钢琴。我母亲也会弹琴。令人伤心的是十六岁时，我不得不停了音乐课而为升大学忙碌地准备功课。可我依然为后来没有继续练琴遗憾不已。
也许早年我最感兴奋的事是我12岁时的那次伦敦之行。当时母亲的一个朋友带我乘火车去的。到达国王十字街时，史金尼夫妇前来接我，他们是我家的朋友，随后一直照顾我。伦敦给我的第一印象是不可磨灭的。国王十字街是一个巨大繁忙的闹市。城市四处充满着商业和帝国首都的气氛，让人眼花缭乱。这是我平生第一次看见来自异国他乡的人们。有一些还穿着印度和非洲的传统的民族服装。街上车水马龙和熙熙攘攘的行人就像产生电流一样，令人振奋。伦敦的建筑出于另一种原因给人深刻的印象，烟熏灰暗的外表赋予的壮丽辉煌不断地提醒我，我站在世界的中心。史金尼夫妇带着我游览了所有景点。我在特拉法尔加广场喂鸽子。我搭乘地铁，这对一个孩子而言是挺可怕的经历。我参观了动物园，我骑着大象，遇到爬虫胆怯地后退：这是我和舰队街的一点关系的早期预兆。我还去了唐宁街，但不象小哈洛德·威尔逊，我没在10号门外拍照留念，我没有那种预感。”
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Memphis, a City of Music and More[有声]
声音地址：http://reading.english61.com/3304/showArticle_5490.htm
(MUSIC)
VOICE ONE:
Welcome to THIS IS AMERICA, in VOA Special English. I’m Steve Ember.
VOICE TWO:
And I’m Faith Lapidus. This week, learn about a city in the South that helped give the world rock and roll and blues music. Come with us to Memphis(n.孟斐斯(美国城市)), Tennessee.
(MUSIC)
VOICE ONE:
Andrew Jackson
A future president of the United States helped build Memphis. Andrew Jackson and two other men started the city as a settlement in eighteen nineteen. They chose the place where the Wolf River(沃尔夫河) flowed into the Mississippi River(密西西比河). Jackson named the community after the ancient Egyptian city of Memphis along the Nile(n.尼罗河(非洲东北部河流)).
The Memphis of modern America is the biggest city in the state of Tennessee. More than one million people live in the Memphis area. Six hundred fifty thousand of them live in the city. Memphis is a center of business, industry and transportation.
Memphis grew when a railroad bridge was completed across the Mississippi River in eighteen ninety-two. The bridge increased trade between states in the East and the Southwest. By nineteen hundred, Memphis was the world’s largest market for cotton and wood products.
VOICE TWO:
W.C. Handy
In the southern part of the city is one of the most famous streets in America, Beale Street(比尔大街). W.C. Handy worked there as a musician in the early nineteen hundreds. The African American composer is known as the “Father of the Blues(蓝调之父).”
In nineteen sixteen, W.C. Handy wrote a song about the famous street. Here is Louis Armstrong(路易斯·阿姆斯特朗(爵士乐伟大传奇人物之一)) singing “Beale Street Blues.”
(MUSIC)
VOICE ONE:
At music festivals or many other places in Memphis, you are almost sure to hear another song written by W.C. Handy. In fact, you have already heard it. The song is called "Memphis Blues."
(MUSIC)
VOICE TWO:
Martin Luther King
More than sixty percent of the people in the city of Memphis are black. Memphis is home to the National Civil Rights Museum(美国国家人权博物馆). Visitors learn about the history of the American civil rights movement. The museum is next to the place where Martin Luther King Junior was murdered.
On April fourth, nineteen sixty-eight, a white man named James Earl Ray shot the civil rights leader. Martin Luther King was in Memphis to support waste collection workers on strike against the city. Most of the workers were black.
In nineteen ninety-one, voters in Memphis elected the first black mayor of the city. The National Civil Rights Museum opened that same year.
VOICE ONE:
Also in nineteen ninety-one, the famed blues singer and guitarist B.B. King(比尔大街布鲁斯男孩(美国布鲁斯音乐大师)) opened his own blues club on Beale Street.
B.B. King is known for songs like this one, called "Caldonia."
(MUSIC)
People who come to Tennessee can also see a huge bronze statue of B.B. King at the Tennessee Welcome Center(田纳西州信息中心).
But blues music is not the only kind of music connected with Memphis. Many experts say rock and roll began there. And a man named Sam Phillips(萨姆·菲利普斯(著名制作人)) played a big part.
VOICE TWO:
Sam Phillips was a white record producer in Memphis in the nineteen fifties. He started the Memphis Recording Service(曼菲斯录音服务中心) and the Sun Record Company(太阳唱片公司). He produced records by local black musicians.
Sam Phillips also produced early recordings by Jerry Lee Lewis(杰瑞·李·路易斯(摇滚歌星)), Carl Perkins(卡尔·帕金斯(摇滚化乡村唱法歌星)), Johnny Cash(约翰尼·卡什(摇滚化乡村唱法歌星)) and Roy Orbison(洛伊·欧比森(摇滚歌星)). One day, an eighteen-year-old truck driver came to the studio to record a song to give to his mother. That young man was Elvis Presley(猫王――艾尔维斯·普莱斯利).
Sam Phillips produced Elvis Presley’s first real record on July fifth, nineteen fifty-four. It was called “That’s All Right.” It helped launch rock 'n' roll into international popularity.
(MUSIC)
VOICE ONE:
Graceland
Today, people from around the United States and around the world visit Memphis. Tourism is a major industry. The most popular place to visit in Memphis is Graceland(格雷斯兰), the home of Elvis Presley. He lived there for twenty years until his death on August sixteenth, nineteen seventy-seven. The man known as the King of Rock 'n' Roll is buried on the grounds of Graceland, along with his parents.
Memphis also celebrates Elvis Presley with an Elvis Week. Elvis Week two thousand five is August eighth through the sixteenth. Events planned at Graceland and other places in the city include parties, dancing and music. Other activities are the Official Elvis Collectors Club Conference and the Elvis Presley International Five-Kilometer Run and Fun Walk.
VOICE TWO:
Something else to see in Memphis is the Memphis Rock ‘n’ Soul Museum(孟斐斯摇滚博物馆). Several years ago the Smithsonian Institution(史密森学会) created a collection for that museum. It was the Smithsonian’s first permanent exhibition outside Washington and New York. The museum is now operated under the city government.
The Rock ‘n’ Soul Museum explores the music and culture of the city. It shows how blues, country, and soul music came together in Memphis.
VOICE ONE:
There is a large and beautiful hotel in Memphis called the Peabody. It was built in eighteen sixty-nine. Many famous people have stayed at the Peabody. But it is also known for some birds that live in a special place on top of the hotel.
Every morning, the Peabody Marching Ducks ride an elevator down to the first floor. Five mallards march across the main room of the hotel to a small pool of water where they spend the day. Every afternoon, the ducks leave their pool and march back across the room. They ride the elevator back up to their home. People gather to watch the Peabody Marching Ducks.
VOICE TWO:
Many people visit Memphis for special events held each year. These include the month-long Memphis in May International Festival. The events at the festival celebrate the traditions of the city. One of those traditions, of course, is music. Part of Memphis in May is the Beale Street Music Festival(比尔大街音乐节). It is one of the largest music festivals in the country.
One of the performers at the Beale Street Music Festival this year was Lisa Marie Presley, daughter of Elvis. Here is a song from "Now What," her new album. The song is called "Thanx."
(MUSIC)
VOICE ONE:
Another Memphis tradition is food, including spicy(adj.加香料的辛辣的,有风味的) pork slow-cooked over a smoky(adj.冒烟的) fire. In fact, the Memphis in May World Championship Barbecue Cooking Contest(世界烧烤冠军赛) just took place. Other traditional foods in Memphis are fried chicken, catfish(n.鲶鱼), fried green tomatoes(油炸绿蕃茄) and pecan pie(美式山核桃派).
VOICE TWO:
We leave you with more of "Memphis Blues," performed by Duke Ellington(艾灵顿公爵(乐队指挥)) and his Orchestra(n.管弦乐队).
(MUSIC)
VOICE ONE:
Our program was written by Jerilyn Watson and produced by Caty Weaver. I’m Steve Ember.
VOICE TWO:
And I’m Faith Lapidus. Our programs can be found on the Internet at voaspecialenglish.com. And our e-mail address is special@voanews.com. We hope you join us again next week for THIS IS AMERICA in VOA Special English.
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Farming on the Edge: Getting the Most Out of Marginal Lands[有声]
地址：http://reading.english61.com/3307/showArticle_5356.htm
I’m Barbara Klein with the VOA Special English Agriculture Report.
To call something "marginal (边缘的)" means it is not very good. Farmers have their own way to define marginal land: It is the last to be planted under good conditions, and the first to be avoided (避免) under poor conditions.
Low quality soil is not the only reason land could be considered marginal. It might be in an area where rainfall is limited. Or a hillside (山坡) might rise too steeply (险峻地).
There are uses for marginal land, however. Most often it is used as grassland. Grasses provide excellent feed for grazing animals like cattle, sheep and goats.
Grass seed can be bought from a supplier. Or native grasses can be used. But it is important to establish good ground cover to avoid soil loss through erosion (腐蚀, 侵蚀).
Forage crops like clover and alfalfa (紫花苜蓿) can be planted. These members of the legume family provide high protein food for grazing animals. They also improve the quality of the soil.
Most plants use up nitrogen. But legumes (豆类) put nitrogen back into the soil. Forage (草料) crops also help limit erosion.
However, using marginal land for grazing is not a simple issue. There is a risk of overgrazing. Cattle can damage forage crops by eating down to the roots. Also, the weight of the animals crushes the soil and can make it too hard for growing.
A way to reduce the harm is to move animals from one field to another. This method is known as rotational grazing. Experts say rotational grazing (放牧) is extremely important for marginal land.
Another use for marginal land is for tree crops. Studies have shown that the white pine and loblolly pine are two kinds of trees that grow well on such land. They grow fast and provide good quality wood. Another tree is the poplar, found in many parts of the world. Slower-growing trees like the black walnut (胡桃, 胡桃木) also provide a nut crop.
Trees support the soil. They reduce the effects of wind and rain. And they help block the sun.
Failure to take the care needed to protect marginal lands can make a bad situation worse. But good planning can turn a marginal resource (资源) into a highly productive one.
This VOA Special English Agriculture Report was written by Mario Ritter. Our reports are online at voaspecialenglish.com. If you have a question about agriculture, send it to special@voanews.com. We might answer it on our program. I'm Barbara Klein.
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