�牐狆叙穆�(中文版)
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�牐狆叙穆菔粲谕纷愀僦械乃娜�类。古老的头足类也都像鹦鹉螺一样，有不同形状的贝壳。但到现在它们大都已经灭绝，唯一剩下的只有在海底生活的鹦鹉螺了，所以鹦鹉螺是一种“活化石”，属于国家保护动物，很久以来便是动物进化系统研究中的很有价值的材料之一。
�牐牎　○叙穆菔且恢值灼苄缘亩�物，平时在海底爬行，偶然也漂浮在海中游泳。它的游泳方式跟乌贼相仿，是利用它的两片互相包被的漏斗喷水进行的。鹦鹉螺的触手数目很多，一共有90个。其中有两个合在一起变得很肥厚，当肉体缩到贝壳里的时候，用它盖住壳口，这与腹足类的厣的作用相当。
�牐牎　∈澜缟仙�活的鹦鹉螺一共只有3种，数量也不多。它们的贝壳很好看，珍珠层很厚，可供玩赏或制造工艺品。
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�牐牶５住疤煳难Ъ摇薄�—鹦鹉螺
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�牐狆叙穆菔羧硖宥�物头足纲，早在距今5亿多年前就出现了，分布在全球范围内，有350多种，与它同类的章鱼、鱿鱼、乌贼等在进化发展中身体发生了很大的变化，身体外的壳有的转入身体里面，如乌贼。有的仅仅留下一层胶质的薄膜，如鱿鱼。还有的壳已经消失了，如章鱼。它们游泳的......

�牐犚帐趿髋�
�牐牞F代藝術(Modernism)
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�牐犚矮F派 (Fauvism) 立體派 (Cubism) 表現派 (Expressionism)
�牐牂C械主義(The Age of Machinery) 未來派(Futurism) 達達派(Dada)
�牐牫�現實主義(Surrealism)
�牐犚矮F派 (Fauvism)
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�牐犛∠笈砂l展到後期, 尤其進入了後期印象派(Post Impressionism)之後, 藝術家們的思想方式越來越主觀, 也可以說越來越有個人的特色. 印象派兩腳跨在十九及二十世紀的鴻溝上, 將藝術由古典拉進了現代. 接下來要介紹的野獸派(Faurism)就是純純正正的二十世紀的現代藝術. 1905年, 馬蒂斯(Henri Matisse)與他的朋友佛洛明克(Maurice de Vlaminck)和戴倫(Andre Derain)在法國巴黎的藝術中心-蒙馬特舉行的秋季沙龍中, 展出了一系列色彩強烈, 畫面單純的畫作. 藝術評論家路易士牟雪爾(Louis Vauxcelles)看見一件古典雕刻的周......

�牐犆拦�文学简史
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�牐犆拦�文学(American Literature)
�牐犆拦�文学的历史不长，它几乎是和美国自由资本主义同时出现，较少受到封建贵族文化的束缚。美国早期人口稀少，有大片未开发的土地，为个人理想的实现提供了很大的可能性。美国人民富于民主自由精神，个人主义、个性解放的观念较为强烈，这在文学中有突出的反映。美国又是一个多民族的国家，移民不断涌入，各自带来了本民族的文化，这决定了美国文学风格的多样性和庞杂性。美国文学发展的过程就是不断吸取、融化各民族文学特点的过程。许多美国作家来自社会下层，这使得美国文学生活气息和平民色彩都比较浓厚，总的特点是开朗、豪放。内容庞杂与色彩鲜明是美国文学的另一特点。个性自由与自我克制、清教主义与实用主义、激进与反动、反叛和顺从、高雅与庸俗、高级趣味与低级趣味、深刻与肤浅、积极进取与玩世不恭、明快与晦涩、犀利的讽刺与阴郁的幽默、精心雕琢与粗制滥造、对人类命运的思考和探索与对**的病态追求等倾向，不仅可以同时并存，而且形成强烈的对照。从来没有一种潮流或倾向能够在一个时期内一统美国文学的天下。美国作家敏感、好奇，往往是一个浪潮......

�牐牴赜诿拦�的历史
�牐燭he continent's first inhabitants walked into North America across what is now the Bering Strait from Asia. For the next 20,000 years these pioneering settlers were essentially left alone to develop distinct and dynamic cultures. In the modern US, their descendants include the Pueblo people in what is now New Mexico; Apache in Texas; Navajo in Arizona, Colorado and Utah; Hopi in Arizona; Crow in Montana; Cherokee in North Carolina; and Mohawk and Iroquois in New York State. The Norwegian explorer Leif Eriksson was the first European to reach North America, some 500 years before a disoriented Columbus accidentally discovered 'Indians' in Hispaniola (now the Dominican Republic and Haiti) in 1492. By the mid-1550s, much of the Americas had been poked and prodded by a parade of explorers from Spain, Portugal, England and France. The first colonies attracted immigrants looking to get rich quickly and return home, but they were soon followed by migrants whose primary goal was to colonize. The Spanish founded the first permanent European settlement in St Augustine, Florida, in 1565; the French moved in on Maine in 1602, and Jamestown, Virginia, became the first British settlement in 1607. The first Africans arrived as 'indentured laborers' with the Brits a year prior to English Puritan pilgrims' escape of religious persecution. The pilgrims founded a colony at Plymouth Rock, Massachusetts, in 1620 and signed the famous Mayflower Compact - a declaration of self-government that would later be echoed in the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution. British attempts to assert authority in its 13 North American colonies led to the French and Indian War (1757-63). The British were victorious but were left with a nasty war debt, which they tried to recoup by imposing new taxes. The rallying cry 'no taxation without representation' united the colonies, who ceremoniously dumped caffeinated cargo overboard during the Boston Tea Party. Besieged British general Cornwallis surrendered to American commander George Washington five years later at Yorktown, Virginia, in 1781. In the 19th century, America's mantra was 'Manifest Destiny.' A combination of land purchases, diplomacy and outright wars of conquest had by 1850 given the US roughly its present shape. In 1803, Napoleon dumped the entire Great Plains for a pittance, and Spain chipped in with Florida in 1819. The Battle of the Alamo during the 1835 Texan Revolution paved the way for Texan independence from Mexico, and the war with Mexico (1846-48) secured most of the southwest, including California. The systematic annihilation of the buffalo hunted by the Plains Indians, encroachment on their lands, and treaties not worth the paper they were written on led to Native Americans being herded into reservations, deprived of both their livelihoods and their spiritual connection to their land. Nineteenth-century immigration drastically altered the cultural landscape as settlers of predominantly British stock were joined by Central Europeans and Chinese, many attracted by the 1849 gold rush in California. The South remained firmly committed to an agrarian life heavily reliant on African American slave labor. Tensions were on the rise when abolitionist Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860. The South seceded from the Union, and the Civil War, by far the bloodiest war in America's history, began the following year. The North prevailed in 1865, freed the slaves and introduced universal adult male suffrage. Lincoln's vision for reconstruction, however, died with his assassination. America's trouncing of the Spaniards in 1898 marked the USA's ascendancy as a superpower and woke the country out of its isolationist slumber. The US still did its best not to get its feet dirty in WWI's trenches, but finally capitulated in 1917, sending over a million troops to help sort out the pesky Germans. Postwar celebrations were cut short by Prohibition in 1920, which banned alcohol in the country. The 1929 stock-market crash signaled the start of the Great Depression and eventually brought about Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal, which sought to lift the country back to prosperity. After the Japanese dropped in uninvited on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the US played a major role in defeating the Axis powers. Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 not only ended the war with Japan, but ushered in the nuclear age. The end of WWII segued into the Cold War - a period of great domestic prosperity and a surface uniformity belied by paranoia and betrayal. Politicians like Senator Joe McCarthy took advantage of the climate to fan anticommunist flames, while the USSR and USA stockpiled nuclear weapons and fought wars by proxy in Korea, Africa and Southeast Asia. Tensions between the two countries reached their peak in 1962 during the Cuban Missile Crisis. The 1960s was a decade of profound social change, thanks largely to the Civil Rights movement, Vietnam War protests and the discovery of sex, drugs and rock & roll. The Civil Rights movement gained momentum in 1955 with a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama. As a nonviolent mass protest movement, it aimed at breaking down segregation and regaining the vote for disfranchised Southern blacks. The movement peaked in 1963 with Martin Luther King Jr's 'I have a dream speech' in Washington, DC, and the passage of the landmark 1964 Civil Rights Act and 1965 Voting Rights Act. Meanwhile, America's youth were rejecting the conformity of the previous decade, growing their hair long and smoking lots of dope. 'Tune in, turn on, drop out' was the mantra of a generation who protested heavily (and not disinterestedly) against the war in Vietnam. Assassinations of prominent political leaders - John and Robert Kennedy, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr - took a little gloss off the party, and the American troops mired in Vietnam took off the rest. NASA's moon landing in 1969 did little to restore national pride. In 1974 Richard Nixon became the first US president to resign from office, due to his involvement in the cover-up of the Watergate burglaries, bringing American patriotism to a new low. The 1970s and '80s were a period of technological advancement and declining industrialism. Self image took a battering at the hands of Iranian Ayatollah Khomeni. A conservative backlash, symbolized by the election and popular two-term presidency of actor Ronald Reagan, sought to put some backbone in the country. The US then concentrated on bullying its poor neighbors in Central America and the Caribbean, meddling in the affairs of El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama and Grenada. The collapse of the Soviet Bloc's 'Evil Empire' in 1991 left the US as the world's sole superpower, and the Gulf War in 1992 gave George Bush the opportunity to lead a coalition supposedly representing a 'new world order' into battle against Iraq. Domestic matters, such as health reform, gun ownership, drugs, racial tension, gay rights, balancing the budget, the tenacious Whitewater scandal and the Monica Lewinsky 'Fornigate' affair tended to overshadow international concerns during the Clinton administration. In a bid to kickstart its then-ailing economy, the USA signed NAFTA, a free-trade agreement with Canada and Mexico, in 1993, invaded Haiti in its role of upholder of democracy in 1994, committed thousands of troops to peacekeeping operations in Bosnia in 1995, hosted the Olympics in 1996 and enjoyed, over the past few years, the fruits of a bull market on Wall St. The 2000 presidential election made history by being the most highly contested race in the nation's history. The Democratic candidate, Al Gore, secured the majority of the popular vote but lost the election when all of Florida's electoral college votes went to George W Bush, who was ahead of Gore in that state by only 500 votes. Demands for recounts, a ruling by the Florida Supreme Court in favor of partial recounts, and a handful of lawsuits generated by both parties were brought to a halt when the US Supreme Court split along party lines and ruled that all recounts should cease. After five tumultuous weeks, Bush was declared the winner. The early part of Bush's presidency saw the US face international tension, with renewed violence in the Middle East, a spy-plane standoff with China and nearly global disapproval of US foreign policy with regard to the environment. On the domestic front, a considerably weakened economy provided challenges for national policymakers. Whether the US can continue to hold onto its dominant position on the world stage and rejuvenate its economy remains to be seen.

�牐犖⑸�物背景材料
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�牐犖⑸�物
�牐犖⑸�物是生物中的一大类，与植物和动物共同组成生物界。包括病毒、立克茨体、支原体、衣原体、细菌、放线菌、真菌中的霉菌、酵母菌和螺旋体等，也有将微植物和微动物纳入到其中的。体微小，构造简单，单或多细胞，也有无细胞的。分布广泛，繁殖快且类型多样。它们在自然界和物质转化和循环中起重要作用。具有重大的经济意义和科学意义。
�牐犗妇�：
�牐犑澜缟献罟爬系纳�物也是最成功的生物。支原体没有细胞壁，故细胞柔软，形成分枝状的细胞，故称支原体。细菌细胞内没有细胞核，遗传物质分散于细胞质内，因而细菌属于原核生物（细胞内没有细胞核的生物）。在过去，细菌被划分为植物（仅仅因为有细胞壁！），但在在现代分类学中，细菌已独立一界。广义的细菌就全部囊括了所有的原核生物。细菌微小，大多数只有0.5-2微米，但少数却有0.1-0.3毫米，如纳米比亚硫磺珍珠细菌。细菌细胞结构简单，但有有趣的运动器官。如鞭毛(动画示鞭毛运动)。细胞表面还有菌毛，有些中空菌毛可以把细菌的遗传物质运送到其它细菌,故细菌又有性别之分。细菌的细胞壁由肽聚糖组成，十分坚固。但青霉素可......

�牐犔�力段子６：汞污染
�牐牎　」�是在常温下唯一呈液态的金属元素。在自然界里大部分汞与硫结合成硫化汞（HgS），亦称“辰砂”或“朱砂”，广泛地分布在地壳表层。辰砂及其多晶体偏辰砂是主要的含汞矿源。随着自然的演化，环境的各个因素中都可能含有汞，形成汞的天然本底。汞的本底对判断环境中的汞污染程度很有意义。地壳中汞的平均丰度为0.08ppm，土壤中为0.03～0.3ppm，大气中为0.1～1.0ppt。汞在大气中呈蒸汽态，因而雨水中也有汞，平均浓度为0.2ppb。水中汞的本底浓度，内陆地下水为0.1ppb，海水为0.03一2ppb，泉水可达80ppb以上，湖水、河水一般不超过0.1ppb。
�牐牎　∪死嗷疃�造成水体汞污染，主要来自氯碱、塑料、电池、电子等工业排放的废水。据估计，1970～1979年全世界由于人类活动直接向水体排放汞的总量约1．6万吨；排向大气的总汞量达10万吨左右；排入土壤总汞约为10万吨，而排向大气和土壤的也将随着水循环回归入水体。
�牐牎　∮捎谔烊槐镜浊榭鱿鹿�在大气、土壤和水体中均有分布，所以汞的迁移转化也在陆、水、空之间发生。大气中气态和颗粒态的汞......

�牐燭roy 特洛伊
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�牐牎昂陕硎肥�”包括《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》两部长诗，被认为是古希腊最伟大的作品，也是欧洲文学中最古老、最杰出的叙事诗。相传史诗的作者是古希腊盲诗人荷马。他生于爱奥尼亚（今土耳其西海岸），生存年代约是公元前8世纪的后半叶。
�牐牎兑晾�亚特》共24卷，15693行，记载了希腊联军攻陷特洛伊城的10年战争，而主要描述战争最后一年的一个事件，着重描绘了希腊英雄阿基里斯的的伟大形象。
�牐犗啻�在古希腊的弗提亚地方，有个叫珀琉斯的国王举行婚礼。他邀请了奥林匹斯山上的众神出席，却把专管争吵的女神厄里斯给忘记了。厄里斯便挑起是非，偷偷把一个写着“送给最美丽的女神”的金苹果放在了婚礼宴席上。参加喜宴的天后赫拉、智慧女神雅典娜、爱与美之神阿芙罗狄蒂（即罗马神话中的维纳斯）都认为自己是美丽的，应该得到这个金苹果，于是争吵起来。天神宙斯无法，只得让她们去特洛伊，让特洛伊王子帕里斯判定金苹果该给谁。当3位女神见到帕里斯后，都争着向他许愿：赫拉愿给他权力和财宝；雅典娜愿给他胜利和智慧；阿芙罗狄蒂愿让他挑选世界上最美丽的女子为妻。结果，帕里斯把金苹果判给了阿......

�牐�71. People in prehistoric times created paints by grinding materials such as plants and claysintospower and then adding water.
�牐犑非暗娜嗣侵圃煅樟鲜墙�植物和泥土等原料磨成粉末，然后加水。
�牐�72. Often very annoying weeds, goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants and act as hosts to many insect pests.
�牐牷凭栈ㄍǔＡ钊松�厌，它挤走不那么顽强的植物，并找来很多害虫。
�牐�73. Starting around 7000 B.C., and for the next four thousand years, much of the Northern Hemisphere experienced temperatures warmer than at present.
�牐牬笤即庸�元前七千年开始，在四千年当中，北半球的温度比......

�牐�51. Using many symbols makes it possible to put a large amount of information on a single map.
�牐犑褂枚嘀侄嘌�的符号可以在一张地图里放进大量的信息。
�牐�52. Anarchism is a term describing a cluster of doctrines and attitudes whose principal uniting feature is the belief that government is both harmful and unnecessary.
�牐犖拚�府主义这个词描述的是一堆理论和态度，它们的主要共同点在于相信政府是有害的，没有必要的。
�牐�53. Probably no man had more effect on the daily lives of most people in the Untied States than did Henry Ford a pioneer in automobile production.
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�牐�21. Eliminating problems by transferring the blame to others is often called scapegoating.
�牐犛霉肿锉鹑说陌旆ɡ唇饩鑫侍馔ǔ１怀莆�寻找替罪羊。
�牐�22. The chief foods eaten in any country depend largely on what grows best in its climate and soil.
�牐犚桓龉�家的主要食物是什么，大体取决于什么作物在其天气和土壤条件下生长得最好。
�牐�23. Over a very large number of trials, the probability of an event’s occurring is equal to the probability that it will not occur.
�牐犜诖罅康氖笛橹校�某一事件发生的几率等于它不发生的几率
�牐�24. Most substance contract when they freeze so that the density of a substance’s solid is higher than the density of its liquid.
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