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在疯狂的楼市、滚烫的股市之后,PE——私募股权投资,正在成为下一个嗜利资本蜂拥而入的洼地。解读黑石上市
作者:amberdeng 提交日期:2008-1-28 20:23:00
前言:
2007年3月22日,私募股权基金巨头,被称为“华尔街新霸主”(New King of Wall Street)的黑石集团申请公开上市,在业界反响强烈,褒贬不一。有人认为,这简直是对私募股权的嘲讽(thick with irony);甚至有人说,黑石是在寻找更大傻瓜;但也有人认为,私募将成为人人可以参与的游戏,而不再是富人的专利,这有利于私募股权的发展。 一、认识黑石 黑石集团是1987年创立的,注册在美国特拉华州(Delaware)[1],旗下主要是三项业务:私募股权、房地产和另类资产管理(包括管理公司私募股权基金the management of corporate private equity funds、不动产机会基金real estate opportunity funds、对冲基金的基金funds of hedge funds、夹层基金mezzanine funds、优先债senior debt vehicles、财产对冲基金proprietary hedge funds和封闭式共同基金closed-end mutual funds),同时也提供各种财务咨询financial advisory(如收购并购咨询mergers and acquisitions advisory、重建重组咨询restructuring and reorganization advisory)和基金配售fund placement。 在三项主要业务中,私募股权和房地产在最近几年一直保持高收益、高增长。其中私募股权基金,从2001年的12月31日的大约76亿美元发展到2007年3月1日的311亿美元,每年以31.4%的速度增长。 黑石是世界私募股权投资的领导者,旗下一共有五支普通私募股权基金和一支专注于媒体和通信领域的特殊基金。目前正在投资的一支私募股权基金是规模最大的一支,2007年3月1日达到了181亿美元。 黑石的投资强调遵守纪律,遵从价值导向,它在全世界范围内寻找机会,不仅包括典型的杠杆收购成熟公司typical leveraged buyout acquisitions of seasoned companies,还包括在已有产业established industries、公司转产turnarounds、少数投资minority investments、公司合伙corporate partnerships、产业并购industry consolidations等领域刚开始的业务。 黑石的发展战略: 1、通过集团资产管理平台创造出色的投资业绩generating superior investment performance across our asset management platform; 2、在现有的投资基金业务中增加所管理的资产growing the assets under management in our existing investment fund operations; 3、通过设立新的投资基金扩大资产管理规模expanding our asset management base by raising new investment funds; 4、在基金中增加自有资金投资increasing our investment of our own capital in our funds; 5、发展咨询业务expanding our advisory business; 6、进入新的业务领域entering into complementary new businesses. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] page 9 of corporations, by Alan R .Palmiter Delaware’s statute is particularly important in corporate law because of the leadership of its legislature in enacting corporate law reforms, the sophistication of the state’s corporate bar, and the expertise and influence of its judiciary, and because most large, public corporations are incorporated in Delaware.特拉华州的公司法立法在美国是领先的,很多著名的公司都是在这里注册,这里有公司法方面注明的判例,专业且影响较大,这里的律师业在公司法领域也非常强大。 0 推荐二、黑石IPO 2007年3月22日,黑石集团向SEC申请,在纽约证券交易所首次公开发行,公布初步的招股说明书,计划将有限合伙人权益部分上市,筹集资金40亿美元,承销团阵容极为强大:摩根Morgan Stanley、美林Merrill Lynch & Co、花旗Citigroup、瑞士信贷Credit Suisse、雷曼兄弟Lehman Brothers、德意志银行Deutsche Bank Securities。 1、为什么上市? (1)获得永久资金用于投资已有业务,扩张新的业务和建设永久基业。 to access new sources of permanent capital that we can use to invest in our existing businesses, to expand into complementary new businesses and to further strengthen our development as an enduring institution; (2)提升黑石的品牌价值to enhance our firm's valuable brand; (3)提供公开交易的现金股份和加强未来战略收购的灵活性 to provide us with a publicly-traded equity currency and to enhance our flexibility in pursuing future strategic acquisitions; (4)扩大员工激励的融资和保留范围 to expand the range of financial and retention incentives that we can provide to our existing and future employees through the issuance of equity-related securities representing an interest in the and performance of our firm as a whole; (5)容许随着时间实现现有的所有者的股权价值 to permit the realization over time of the of our equity held by our existing owners. 2、做另类上市公司 (1)以长远的视角管理 ?Management with a Long-Term Perspective. (2)在投资基金中继续关注有限合伙投资人 ?Continued Focus on Limited Partner Investors in Our Investment Funds. (3)利用杠杆增加回报 ?Use of Leverage to Enhance Returns. (4)采用现有的合伙人管理结构 ?Partnership Management Structure. (5)不设金色降落伞计划 ?No Golden Parachutes/CEO Compensation. (6)股权奖励所有员工 ?Equity Awards to All Employees. (7)慈善捐助 ?Charitable Contributions. 其中,最为另类的就是,继续采取有限合伙的形式,采用现有的合伙人管理结构,份额持有人并无选举普通合伙人和董事的权利,这一点完全不同于其他的上市公司。 3、资金利用 本次IPO的收益,黑石将用来: (1)从现有所有者手中购买黑石控股的既有份额 to purchase vested Blackstone Holdings partnership units from our existing owners. Accordingly, we will not retain any of these proceeds. (2)认购黑石控股新发行的份额 to subscribe for newly-issued Blackstone Holdings partnership units (3)偿还贷款 to repay all outstanding borrowings under our revolving credit facility and the remainder: (4)为现有资产管理和财务咨询业务提供资金,包括为旗下私募股权基金、不动产机会基金、夹层基金等投入一定比例的普通合伙人资金 to provide capital to facilitate the growth of our existing asset management and financial advisory businesses, including through funding a portion of our general partner capital commitments to our carry funds; (note: "Our carry funds" refer to the corporate private equity funds, real estate opportunity funds and mezzanine funds that are managed by Blackstone.) (5)为扩张新业务提供资金 to provide capital to facilitate our expansion into new businesses that are complementary to our existing asset management and financial advisory businesses and that can benefit from being affiliated with us, including possibly through selected strategic acquisitions (6)其他公司常规用途 for other general corporate purposes. 4、投票权限制 黑石将保持现有管理模式,份额持有人无选举普通合伙人和董事的权利,其投票权仅限于对影响业务的事项。 Our general partner, Blackstone Group Management L.L.C., will manage all of our operations and activities. Unlike the holders of common stock in a corporation, you will have only limited voting rights on matters affecting our business and will have no right to elect our general partner or its directors, which will be elected by our founders. 5、收入分配 根据黑石控股的合伙协议,直到2009年12月31日,将黑石控股的收入(和相应的分配)做如下分派: The partnership agreements of the Blackstone Holdings partnerships will provide that until December 31, 2009, the income (and accordingly distributions) of Blackstone Holdings will be allocated: 首先,分派给黑石集团的全资子公司,直到有足够的收入被分派,允许黑石集团对普通份额持有人按照每份每年一定金额进行累计分配; ?first, to The Blackstone Group L.P.'s wholly-owned subsidiaries until sufficient income has been so allocated to permit The Blackstone Group L.P. to make aggregate distributions to our common unitholders of $ per common unit on an annualized basis; 然后,分配给黑石控股的其他合伙人,直到相当数额的收入按合伙权益比例按年分配给其他合伙人; ?second, to the other partners of the Blackstone Holdings partnerships until an equivalent amount of income on a partnership interest basis has been allocated to such other partners on an annualized basis; 然后,根据各自合伙权益,按比例分配给黑石控股的全部合伙人 ?thereafter, pro rata to all partners of the Blackstone Holdings partnerships in accordance with their respective partnership interests. 因此,到2009年12月31日,如果普通份额持有人没有能获得累计每年一定金额的回报,现有合伙人将不能从黑石控股的份额中得到利润分配。这种优先次续,在2009年12月31日后将会改变。 Accordingly, until December 31, 2009, our existing owners will not receive distributions in respect of their Blackstone Holdings partnership units unless and until our common unitholders receive aggregate distributions of $ per common unit on an annualized basis. We do not intend to maintain this priority allocation after December 31, 2009. 6、投资者风险: 尽管在招股说明书中,黑石提示了各种风险。但是,最大的问题,主要集中在两个方面: (1)私募股权行业本身的风险,这是一个高风险的行业。 (2)定价估值的难题,因为没有行业可比性,投资者怎么估值是个难题。 0 推荐三、影响重大 黑石的上市,意味着私募股权基金的一个新的趋势:公开融资。 尽管此前Kohlberg Kravis Roberts 和 Apollo Management 都建立了其上市的基金,但是,相对来说,这是整体对局部的关系,黑石是将集团下的有限合伙的权益上市,而不是单个某个基金上市。 1、关于私募股权的性质 私募股权上市,有人称这具有嘲讽意味。上市后,黑石还算不算私募股权? (1)什么是私募股权? Wikipedia 百科全书上这样定义:Private equity is a broad term that refers to any type of equity investment in an asset in which the equity is not freely tradable on a public stock market. Passive institutional investors may invest in private equity funds, which are in turn used by private equity firms for investment in target companies. Categories of private equity investment include leveraged buyout, venture capital, growth capital, angel investing, mezzanine capital and others. Private equity funds typically control management of the companies in which they invest, and often bring in new management teams that focus on making the company more valuable. not freely tradable on a public stock market 是所投资的资产不能在交易所自由交易,而不是私募股权基金的资金只能是私募而来。也就是说,私募并不是私募股权基金的本质特征。 而私募股权基金最典型的特点就是,他们一般控制管理所投资的公司并使公司升值。 (2)黑石上市改变了什么? 首先,他们的旗下的基金没有改变,依旧是那五支普通基金和一支特殊基金,做的还是私募股权业务。 其次,他们的业务类型并没有任何改变,仍然是利用借贷资金购买公司,然后治理公司使公司升值然后再卖掉公司。(They specialize in buying companies with mostly borrowed funds. Their aim is to buy firms, fix them or grow them and then sell them)。 整个流程就是这样: 寻找目标公司——买下公司股权(利用大量借贷资金)——控制管理公司——使公司升值——卖掉手中的股权。 什么改变了?只是资金来源改变,从传统的私募变为公开募集。而私募本来也不是私募股权的本质特征。(我们对私募股权的中文翻译容易造成一些理解上的混淆) 那么,黑石上市后,它依旧是私募股权,还是那个“华尔街的新霸主”。 2、对其他私募股权的影响 作为私募股权的领头羊,黑石的一举一动都将对业界产生重大影响,可以说,黑石的上市,将是一个风向标,这代表了一个趋势,即公开融资。如果黑石上市成功,其他的私募股权公司,将可能认真考虑上市发行。 公开融资的好处显而易见,资金量必然会更大,并且,份额本身的流动性,保障了投资业务的稳定发展,而对于其忌讳的信息披露,黑石也在尽力争取做“另类上市公司”。 3、对投资人的影响 从另外一个角度说,一向神秘低调的私募股权,这个本来只属于富人的游戏,现在已经开始平民化,公开化,人人都可以参与。 4、对上市公司的影响 黑石的另类上市,也将对以后公司上市的形式产生深远影响。 |
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